Chybová mitigace v utility-scale měřítku pomocí probabilistického zesílení chyb

Odhadovaná spotřeba: 16 minut na procesoru Heron r2 (POZNÁMKA: Jedná se pouze o odhad. Skutečná doba běhu se může lišit.)

Pozadí

Tento tutoriál ukazuje, jak spustit experiment chybové mitigace v utility-scale měřítku pomocí Qiskit Runtime s experimentální verzí extrapolace nulového šumu (ZNE) s probabilistickým zesílením chyb (PEA).

Zdroj: Y. Kim et al. Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance. Nature 618.7965 (2023)

Extrapolace nulového šumu (ZNE)

Extrapolace nulového šumu (ZNE) je technika chybové mitigace, která odstraňuje vliv neznámého šumu při provádění Circuit, přičemž tento šum lze škálovat známým způsobem.

Předpokládá, že střední hodnoty se škálují se šumem pomocí známé funkce

$$\langle A(\lambda) \rangle = \langle A(0) \rangle + \sum_{k=0}^{m} a_k \lambda^k + R$$

kde $\lambda$ parametrizuje sílu šumu a lze ji zesílit. ZNE lze implementovat pomocí následujících kroků:

1. Zesil šum Circuit pro několik faktorů šumu $\lambda_1, \lambda_2, ...$
2. Spusť každý Circuit se zesíleným šumem a změř $\langle A(\lambda_1)\rangle, ...$
3. Extrapoluj zpět k nulové hranici šumu $\langle A(0)\rangle$

Zesílení šumu pro ZNE

Hlavní výzvou při úspěšné implementaci ZNE je mít přesný model šumu pro střední hodnotu a zesílit šum známým způsobem.

Existují tři běžné způsoby implementace zesílení chyb pro ZNE.

Roztažení pulzů	Skládání Gate	Probabilistické zesílení chyb
Škálování délky pulzů pomocí kalibrace	Opakování Gate v identitních cyklech $U\mapsto U(U^{-1}U)^{\lambda-1}/2$	Přidání šumu vzorkováním Pauliho kanálů
Kandala et al. Nature (2019)	Shultz et al. PRA (2022)	Li & Benjamin PRX (2017)
Pro experimenty v utility-scale měřítku je probabilistické zesílení chyb (PEA) nejatraktivnější.

• Roztažení pulzů předpokládá, že šum Gate je úměrný délce, což typicky neplatí. Kalibrace je také nákladná.
• Skládání Gate vyžaduje velké faktory roztažení, které značně omezují hloubku Circuit, které lze spustit.
• PEA lze aplikovat na jakýkoli Circuit, který lze spustit s nativním faktorem šumu ($\lambda=1$), ale vyžaduje naučení modelu šumu.

Naučení modelu šumu pro PEA

PEA předpokládá stejný vrstvený model šumu jako probabilistické rušení chyb (PEC); vyhýbá se však vzorkovací režii, která roste exponenciálně s šumem Circuit.

Krok 1	Krok 2	Krok 3
Pauliho zkroucení vrstev dvouQubitových Gate	Opakování identitních párů vrstev a učení šumu	Odvození věrnosti (chyby pro každý šumový kanál)

Zdroj: E. van den Berg, Z. Minev, A. Kandala, and K. Temme, Probabilistic error cancellation with sparse Pauli-Lindblad models on noisy quantum processors arXiv:2201.09866

Požadavky

Před zahájením tohoto tutoriálu se ujisti, že máš nainstalováno následující:

• Qiskit SDK v1.0 nebo novější, s podporou vizualizace
• Qiskit Runtime v0.22 nebo novější (pip install qiskit-ibm-runtime)

Nastavení

# Added by doQumentation — required packages for this notebook
!pip install -q matplotlib numpy qiskit qiskit-ibm-runtime rustworkx

from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Sequence
from collections import defaultdict
import numpy as np
import rustworkx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter
from qiskit.circuit.library import CXGate, CZGate, ECRGate
from qiskit.providers import Backend
from qiskit.visualization import plot_error_map
from qiskit.transpiler.preset_passmanagers import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.primitives import PubResult

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import EstimatorV2 as Estimator

Krok 1: Mapování klasických vstupů na kvantový problém

Vytvoření parametrizovaného Circuit Isingova modelu

Nejprve zvol Backend, na kterém budeš spouštět. Tato ukázka běží na 127-Qubitovém Backend, ale můžeš ji upravit pro jakýkoli Backend, který máš k dispozici.

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(
    operational=True, simulator=False, min_num_qubits=127
)
backend

<IBMBackend('ibm_kingston')>

Pomocné funkce pro konstrukci Circuit

Dále vytvoř pomocné funkce pro konstrukci Circuit pro Trotterizovanou časovou evoluci dvourozměrného transverzálního Isingova modelu v poli, který respektuje topologii Backend.

"""Trotter circuit generation"""

def remove_qubit_couplings(
    couplings: Sequence[tuple[int, int]], qubits: Sequence[int] | None = None
) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
    """Remove qubits from a coupling list.

    Args:
        couplings: A sequence of qubit couplings.
        qubits: Optional, the qubits to remove.

    Returns:
        The input couplings with the specified qubits removed.
    """
    if qubits is None:
        return couplings
    qubits = set(qubits)
    return [edge for edge in couplings if not qubits.intersection(edge)]

def coupling_qubits(
    *couplings: Sequence[tuple[int, int]],
    allowed_qubits: Sequence[int] | None = None,
) -> list[int]:
    """Return a sorted list of all qubits involved in one or more couplings lists.

    Args:
        couplings: one or more coupling lists.
        allowed_qubits: Optional, the allowed qubits to include. If None all
            qubits are allowed.

    Returns:
        The intersection of all qubits in the couplings and the allowed qubits.
    """
    qubits = set()
    for edges in couplings:
        for edge in edges:
            qubits.update(edge)
    if allowed_qubits is not None:
        qubits = qubits.intersection(allowed_qubits)
    return list(qubits)

def construct_layer_couplings(
    backend: Backend,
) -> list[list[tuple[int, int]]]:
    """Separate a coupling map into disjoint 2-qubit gate layers.

    Args:
        backend: A backend to construct layer couplings for.

    Returns:
        A list of disjoint layers of directed couplings for the input coupling map.
    """
    coupling_graph = backend.coupling_map.graph.to_undirected(
        multigraph=False
    )
    edge_coloring = rustworkx.graph_bipartite_edge_color(coupling_graph)

    layers = defaultdict(list)
    for edge_idx, color in edge_coloring.items():
        layers[color].append(
            coupling_graph.get_edge_endpoints_by_index(edge_idx)
        )
    layers = [sorted(layers[i]) for i in sorted(layers.keys())]

    return layers

def entangling_layer(
    gate_2q: str,
    couplings: Sequence[tuple[int, int]],
    qubits: Sequence[int] | None = None,
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    """Generating a entangling layer for the specified couplings.

    This corresponds to a Trotter layer for a ZZ Ising term with angle Pi/2.

    Args:
        gate_2q: The 2-qubit basis gate for the layer, should be "cx", "cz", or "ecr".
        couplings: A sequence of qubit couplings to add CX gates to.
        qubits: Optional, the physical qubits for the layer. Any couplings involving
            qubits not in this list will be removed. If None the range up to the largest
            qubit in the couplings will be used.

    Returns:
        The QuantumCircuit for the entangling layer.
    """
    # Get qubits and convert to set to order
    if qubits is None:
        qubits = range(1 + max(coupling_qubits(couplings)))
    qubits = set(qubits)

    # Mapping of physical qubit to virtual qubit
    qubit_mapping = {q: i for i, q in enumerate(qubits)}

    # Convert couplings to indices for virtual qubits
    indices = [
        [qubit_mapping[i] for i in edge]
        for edge in couplings
        if qubits.issuperset(edge)
    ]

    # Layer circuit on virtual qubits
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(len(qubits))

    # Get 2-qubit basis gate and pre and post rotation circuits
    gate2q = None
    pre = QuantumCircuit(2)
    post = QuantumCircuit(2)

    if gate_2q == "cx":
        gate2q = CXGate()
        # Pre-rotation
        pre.sdg(0)
        pre.z(1)
        pre.sx(1)
        pre.s(1)
        # Post-rotation
        post.sdg(1)
        post.sxdg(1)
        post.s(1)
    elif gate_2q == "ecr":
        gate2q = ECRGate()
        # Pre-rotation
        pre.z(0)
        pre.s(1)
        pre.sx(1)
        pre.s(1)
        # Post-rotation
        post.x(0)
        post.sdg(1)
        post.sxdg(1)
        post.s(1)
    elif gate_2q == "cz":
        gate2q = CZGate()
        # Identity pre-rotation
        # Post-rotation
        post.sdg([0, 1])
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Invalid 2-qubit basis gate {gate_2q}, should be 'cx', 'cz', or 'ecr'"
        )

    # Add 1Q pre-rotations
    for inds in indices:
        circuit.compose(pre, qubits=inds, inplace=True)

    # Use barriers around 2-qubit basis gate to specify a layer for PEA noise learning
    circuit.barrier()
    for inds in indices:
        circuit.append(gate2q, (inds[0], inds[1]))
    circuit.barrier()

    # Add 1Q post-rotations after barrier
    for inds in indices:
        circuit.compose(post, qubits=inds, inplace=True)

    # Add physical qubits as metadata
    circuit.metadata["physical_qubits"] = tuple(qubits)

    return circuit

def trotter_circuit(
    theta: Parameter | float,
    layer_couplings: Sequence[Sequence[tuple[int, int]]],
    num_steps: int,
    gate_2q: str | None = "cx",
    backend: Backend | None = None,
    qubits: Sequence[int] | None = None,
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    """Generate a Trotter circuit for the 2D Ising

    Args:
        theta: The angle parameter for X.
        layer_couplings: A list of couplings for each entangling layer.
        num_steps: the number of Trotter steps.
        gate_2q: The 2-qubit basis gate to use in entangling layers.
            Can be "cx", "cz", "ecr", or None if a backend is provided.
        backend: A backend to get the 2-qubit basis gate from, if provided
            will override the basis_gate field.
        qubits: Optional, the allowed physical qubits to truncate the
            couplings to. If None the range up to the largest
            qubit in the couplings will be used.

    Returns:
        The Trotter circuit.
    """
    if backend is not None:
        try:
            basis_gates = backend.configuration().basis_gates
        except AttributeError:
            basis_gates = backend.basis_gates
        for gate in ["cx", "cz", "ecr"]:
            if gate in basis_gates:
                gate_2q = gate
                break

    # If no qubits, get the largest qubit from all layers and
    # specify the range so the same one is used for all layers.
    if qubits is None:
        qubits = range(1 + max(coupling_qubits(layer_couplings)))

    # Generate the entangling layers
    layers = [
        entangling_layer(gate_2q, couplings, qubits=qubits)
        for couplings in layer_couplings
    ]

    # Construct the circuit for a single Trotter step
    num_qubits = len(qubits)
    trotter_step = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
    trotter_step.rx(theta, range(num_qubits))
    for layer in layers:
        trotter_step.compose(layer, range(num_qubits), inplace=True)

    # Construct the circuit for the specified number of Trotter steps
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
    for _ in range(num_steps):
        circuit.rx(theta, range(num_qubits))
        for layer in layers:
            circuit.compose(layer, range(num_qubits), inplace=True)

    circuit.metadata["physical_qubits"] = tuple(qubits)
    return circuit

Definování vazeb vrstev pro zapletení

Abys implementoval/a Trotterizovanou simulaci Isingova modelu, definuj tři vrstvy vazeb dvoukubitových Gate pro zařízení, které se budou opakovat v každém Trotterově kroku. Tyto vrstvy definují tři točené vrstvy, pro které potřebuješ naučit šum, aby bylo možné implementovat zmírnění.

layer_couplings = construct_layer_couplings(backend)
for i, layer in enumerate(layer_couplings):
    print(f"Layer {i}:\n{layer}\n")

Layer 0:
[(2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9), (10, 11), (12, 13), (14, 15), (16, 23), (18, 31), (19, 35), (20, 21), (25, 37), (26, 27), (28, 29), (33, 39), (36, 41), (38, 49), (42, 43), (45, 46), (47, 57), (51, 52), (53, 54), (56, 63), (58, 71), (59, 75), (61, 62), (64, 65), (66, 67), (68, 69), (72, 73), (76, 81), (79, 93), (82, 83), (84, 85), (86, 87), (88, 89), (91, 98), (94, 95), (97, 107), (99, 115), (100, 101), (102, 103), (105, 117), (108, 109), (110, 111), (113, 114), (116, 121), (118, 129), (123, 136), (124, 125), (126, 127), (130, 131), (132, 133), (135, 139), (138, 151), (142, 143), (144, 145), (146, 147), (152, 153), (154, 155)]

Layer 1:
[(0, 1), (3, 16), (5, 6), (7, 8), (11, 18), (13, 14), (17, 27), (21, 22), (23, 24), (25, 26), (29, 38), (30, 31), (32, 33), (34, 35), (39, 53), (41, 42), (43, 56), (44, 45), (47, 48), (49, 50), (51, 58), (54, 55), (57, 67), (60, 61), (62, 63), (65, 66), (69, 78), (70, 71), (73, 79), (74, 75), (77, 85), (80, 81), (83, 84), (87, 97), (89, 90), (91, 92), (93, 94), (96, 103), (101, 116), (104, 105), (106, 107), (109, 118), (111, 112), (113, 119), (114, 115), (117, 125), (121, 122), (123, 124), (127, 137), (128, 129), (131, 138), (133, 134), (136, 143), (139, 155), (140, 141), (145, 146), (147, 148), (149, 150), (151, 152)]

Layer 2:
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (7, 17), (9, 10), (11, 12), (15, 19), (21, 36), (22, 23), (24, 25), (27, 28), (29, 30), (31, 32), (33, 34), (37, 45), (40, 41), (43, 44), (46, 47), (48, 49), (50, 51), (52, 53), (55, 59), (61, 76), (63, 64), (65, 77), (67, 68), (69, 70), (71, 72), (73, 74), (78, 89), (81, 82), (83, 96), (85, 86), (87, 88), (90, 91), (92, 93), (95, 99), (98, 111), (101, 102), (103, 104), (105, 106), (107, 108), (109, 110), (112, 113), (119, 133), (120, 121), (122, 123), (125, 126), (127, 128), (129, 130), (131, 132), (134, 135), (137, 147), (141, 142), (143, 144), (148, 149), (150, 151), (153, 154)]

Odebrání špatných Qubitů

Podívej se na mapu vazeb pro Backend a zjisti, zda se některé Qubity připojují k vazbám s vysokou chybovostí. Tato „špatná" Qubity odeber ze svého experimentu.

# Plot gate error map
# NOTE: These can change over time, so your results may look different
plot_error_map(backend)

bad_qubits = {
    56,
    63,
    67,
}  # qubits removed based on high coupling error (1.00)
good_qubits = list(set(range(backend.num_qubits)).difference(bad_qubits))
print("Physical qubits:\n", good_qubits)

Physical qubits:
 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155]

Generování hlavního Trotterova Circuit

num_steps = 6
theta = Parameter("theta")
circuit = trotter_circuit(
    theta, layer_couplings, num_steps, qubits=good_qubits, backend=backend
)

Vytvoření seznamu hodnot parametrů pro pozdější přiřazení

num_params = 12

# 12 parameter values for Rx between [0, pi/2].
# Reshape to outer product broadcast with observables
parameter_values = np.linspace(0, np.pi / 2, num_params).reshape(
    (num_params, 1)
)
num_params = parameter_values.size

Krok 2: Optimalizace problému pro spuštění na kvantovém hardwaru

ISA Circuit

Než spustíš Circuit na hardwaru, optimalizuj ho pro hardwarové spuštění. Tento proces zahrnuje několik kroků:

• Vyber rozložení Qubitů, které mapuje virtuální Qubity tvého Circuit na fyzické Qubity hardwaru.
• Vkládej swap Gate podle potřeby, aby bylo možné provádět interakce mezi Qubity, které nejsou propojeny.
• Přelož Gate v našem Circuit na instrukce Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), které lze přímo spustit na hardwaru.
• Proveď optimalizace Circuit, aby se minimalizovala hloubka Circuit a počet Gate.

Ačkoli Transpiler zabudovaný v Qiskitu dokáže provést všechny tyto kroky, tento tutoriál ukazuje sestavení Trotterova Circuit v měřítku utility od základu. Vyber dobré fyzické Qubity a definuj vrstvy zapletení na propojených párech Qubitů z vybraných Qubitů. Přesto stále potřebuješ přeložit non-ISA Gate v Circuit a využít jakékoli optimalizace Circuit nabízené Transpilerem.

Transpiluj svůj Circuit pro zvolený Backend tak, že vytvoříš pass manager a poté ho spustíš na Circuit. Zároveň zafixuj počáteční rozložení Circuit na již vybrané good_qubits. Snadným způsobem, jak vytvořit pass manager, je použít funkci generate_preset_pass_manager. Podrobnější vysvětlení transpilace pomocí pass managerů najdeš v části Transpile with pass managers.

pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    backend=backend,
    initial_layout=good_qubits,
    layout_method="trivial",
    optimization_level=1,
)

isa_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

ISA pozorovatelné veličiny

Dále vytvoř všechny pozorovatelné veličiny váhy 1 $\langle Z \rangle$ pro každý virtuální Qubit doplněním potřebného počtu $\langle I \rangle$ členů.

observables = []
num_qubits = len(good_qubits)
for q in range(num_qubits):
    observables.append(
        SparsePauliOp("I" * (num_qubits - q - 1) + "Z" + "I" * q)
    )

Proces transpilace namapoval virtuální Qubity tvého Circuit na fyzické Qubity hardwaru. Informace o rozložení Qubitů jsou uloženy v atributu layout transpilovaného Circuit. Tvá pozorovatelná veličina je také definována v termínech virtuálních Qubitů, takže na ni musíš toto rozložení použít. To se provede pomocí metody apply_layout třídy SparsePauliOp.

Všimni si, že každá pozorovatelná veličina je zabalena do seznamu v následujícím bloku kódu. Je to proto, aby se vysílala spolu s hodnotami parametrů tak, aby každá pozorovatelná veličina Qubitu byla měřena pro každou hodnotu theta. Pravidla pro vysílání pro primitiva najdeš zde.

isa_observables = [
    [obs.apply_layout(layout=isa_circuit.layout)] for obs in observables
]

Krok 3: Spuštění pomocí primitiv Qiskitu

pub = (isa_circuit, isa_observables, parameter_values)

Konfigurace možností Estimatoru

Dále nakonfiguruj možnosti Estimatoru potřebné ke spuštění experimentu zmírnění. To zahrnuje možnosti pro učení šumu vrstev zapletení a pro ZNE extrapolaci.

Používáme následující konfiguraci:

# Experiment options
num_randomizations = 700
num_randomizations_learning = 40
max_batch_circuits = 3 * num_params
shots_per_randomization = 64
learning_pair_depths = [0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24]
noise_factors = [1, 1.3, 1.6]
extrapolated_noise_factors = np.linspace(0, max(noise_factors), 20)

# Base option formatting
options = {
    # Builtin resilience settings for ZNE
    "resilience": {
        "measure_mitigation": True,
        "zne_mitigation": True,
        # TREX noise learning configuration
        "measure_noise_learning": {
            "num_randomizations": num_randomizations_learning,
            "shots_per_randomization": 1024,
        },
        # PEA noise model configuration
        "layer_noise_learning": {
            "max_layers_to_learn": 3,
            "layer_pair_depths": learning_pair_depths,
            "shots_per_randomization": shots_per_randomization,
            "num_randomizations": num_randomizations_learning,
        },
        "zne": {
            "amplifier": "pea",
            "noise_factors": noise_factors,
            "extrapolator": ("exponential", "linear"),
            "extrapolated_noise_factors": extrapolated_noise_factors.tolist(),
        },
    },
    # Randomization configuration
    "twirling": {
        "num_randomizations": num_randomizations,
        "shots_per_randomization": shots_per_randomization,
        "strategy": "active-circuit",
    },
    # Optional Dynamical Decoupling (DD)
    "dynamical_decoupling": {"enable": True, "sequence_type": "XY4"},
}

Vysvětlení možností ZNE

Níže jsou podrobnosti o dalších možnostech v experimentální větvi. Upozorňujeme, že tyto možnosti a jejich názvy nejsou finální a vše zde popsané se může před oficiálním vydáním změnit.

• amplifier: Metoda, která se použije při zesilování šumu na zamýšlené faktory šumu. Povolené hodnoty jsou "gate_folding", která zesiluje opakováním dvoukubitových základních Gate, a "pea", která zesiluje pravděpodobnostním vzorkováním po naučení Pauliho-točeného šumového modelu pro vrstvy točených dvoukubitových základních Gate. K dispozici jsou také možnosti "gate_folding_front" a "gate_folding_back", které jsou vysvětleny v dokumentaci API
• extrapolated_noise_factors: Zadej jednu nebo více hodnot faktoru šumu, při kterých se mají vyhodnocovat extrapolované modely. Pokud se jedná o posloupnost hodnot, vrácené výsledky budou mít hodnoty pole se zadaným faktorem šumu vyhodnoceným pro extrapolační model. Hodnota 0 odpovídá extrapolaci s nulovým šumem.

Spuštění experimentu

estimator = Estimator(mode=backend, options=options)
job = estimator.run([pub])

print(f"Job ID {job.job_id()}")

Job ID d0mcsvik4jhc73afljrg

Krok 4: Zpracování výsledků a jejich vrácení v požadovaném klasickém formátu

Po dokončení experimentu si můžeš prohlédnout výsledky. Načteš surové a zmírněné hodnoty střední hodnoty a porovnáš je s přesnými výsledky. Poté zobrazíš hodnoty střední hodnoty — jak zmírněné (extrapolované), tak surové — průměrované přes všechny qubity pro každý parametr. Nakonec zobrazíš hodnoty střední hodnoty pro vybrané jednotlivé qubity.

primitive_result = job.result()

Obecné tvary výsledků a metadata

Objekt PrimitiveResult obsahuje strukturu podobnou seznamu s názvem PubResult. Protože do Estimatoru odesíláme pouze jeden PUB, PrimitiveResult obsahuje jediný objekt PubResult.

Hodnoty střední hodnoty a standardní chyby výsledku PUB (primitive unified bloc) jsou pole. Pro úlohy Estimatoru se ZNE je v kontejneru DataBin objektu PubResult k dispozici několik datových polí hodnot střední hodnoty a standardních chyb. Zde stručně popíšeme datová pole pro hodnoty střední hodnoty (obdobná datová pole jsou dostupná i pro standardní chyby (stds)).

1. pub_result.data.evs: Hodnoty střední hodnoty odpovídající nulovému šumu (na základě heuristicky nejlepší extrapolace).
   • První osa je index virtuálního qubitu pro pozorovatelnou $\langle Z_i\rangle$ ($124$ virtuálních qubitů/pozorovatelných)
   • Druhá osa indexuje hodnotu parametru pro $\theta$ ($12$ hodnot parametru)
2. pub_result.data.evs_extrapolated: Hodnoty střední hodnoty pro extrapolované faktory šumu pro každý ekstrapolátor. Toto pole má dvě další osy.
   • Třetí osa indexuje metody extrapolace ($2$ extrapolátory, exponential a linear)
   • Poslední osa indexuje extrapolated_noise_factors ($20$ extrapolačních bodů zadaných v možnostech)
3. pub_result.data.evs_noise_factors: Surové hodnoty střední hodnoty pro každý faktor šumu.
   • Třetí osa indexuje surové noise_factors ($3$ faktory)

pub_result = primitive_result[0]

print(
    f"{pub_result.data.evs.shape=}\n"
    f"{pub_result.data.evs_extrapolated.shape=}\n"
    f"{pub_result.data.evs_noise_factors.shape=}\n"
)

pub_result.data.evs.shape=(153, 12)
pub_result.data.evs_extrapolated.shape=(153, 12, 2, 20)
pub_result.data.evs_noise_factors.shape=(153, 12, 3)

V PrimitiveResult jsou k dispozici také různá pole metadat. Metadata zahrnují:

• resilience/zne/noise_factors: Surové faktory šumu
• resilience/zne/extrapolator: Extrapolátory použité pro každý výsledek

primitive_result.metadata

{'dynamical_decoupling': {'enable': True,
  'sequence_type': 'XY4',
  'extra_slack_distribution': 'middle',
  'scheduling_method': 'alap'},
 'twirling': {'enable_gates': True,
  'enable_measure': True,
  'num_randomizations': 700,
  'shots_per_randomization': 64,
  'interleave_randomizations': True,
  'strategy': 'active-circuit'},
 'resilience': {'measure_mitigation': True,
  'zne_mitigation': True,
  'pec_mitigation': False,
  'zne': {'noise_factors': [1.0, 1.3, 1.6],
   'extrapolator': ['exponential', 'linear'],
   'extrapolated_noise_factors': [0.0,
    0.08421052631578947,
    0.16842105263157894,
    0.25263157894736843,
    0.3368421052631579,
    0.42105263157894735,
    0.5052631578947369,
    0.5894736842105263,
    0.6736842105263158,
    0.7578947368421053,
    0.8421052631578947,
    0.9263157894736842,
    1.0105263157894737,
    1.0947368421052632,
    1.1789473684210525,
    1.263157894736842,
    1.3473684210526315,
    1.431578947368421,
    1.5157894736842106,
    1.6]},
  'layer_noise_model': [LayerError(circuit=<qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit.QuantumCircuit object at 0x168671910>, qubits=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155], error=PauliLindbladError(generators=['IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...', ...], rates=[0.00023, 0.00022, 0.00011, 0.00042, 0.0, 0.0, 9e-05, 0.00019, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00018, 0.0, 0.0, 5e-05, 0.0, 0.0001, 6e-05, 0.00017, 5e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00023, 1e-05, 5e-05, 0.0, 4e-05, 7e-05, 4e-05, 0.00032, 0.0001, 4e-05, 7e-05, 0.00021, 0.00029, 0.00021, 0.00023, 0.00015, 0.00011, 0.0, 7e-05, 1e-05, 4e-05, 0.00014, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00101, 3e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 7e-05, 2e-05, 7e-05, 0.0002, 0.00014, 7e-05, 2e-05, 0.00024, 0.00066, 0.00019, 0.00018, 7e-05, 0.0001, 2e-05, 2e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 7e-05, 0.0, 7e-05, 0.00057, 4e-05, 8e-05, 0.0, 7e-05, 5e-05, 3e-05, 0.00034, 7e-05, 3e-05, 5e-05, 0.00032, 0.00361, 0.00015, 0.00014, 1e-05, 0.00013, 0.0, 0.00012, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00021, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00055, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.00123, 0.0009, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.00127, 0.00392, 0.00031, 2e-05, 0.00036, 0.0, 0.00018, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00014, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.0005, 0.00023, 0.0, 0.0008, 5e-05, 5e-05, 0.00093, 0.00067, 5e-05, 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   LayerError(circuit=<qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit.QuantumCircuit object at 0x169b1da90>, qubits=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155], error=PauliLindbladError(generators=['IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...', ...], rates=[0.00023, 0.00024, 0.0002, 0.00015, 2e-05, 0.0, 0.00017, 0.00014, 0.0, 2e-05, 0.00019, 9e-05, 0.00023, 0.00024, 3e-05, 0.00012, 2e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0002, 0.0, 4e-05, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.0, 2e-05, 0.0, 0.00023, 9e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00029, 0.0, 1e-05, 3e-05, 0.00029, 0.0, 4e-05, 2e-05, 0.0002, 0.00012, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00022, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.00036, 5e-05, 2e-05, 3e-05, 0.00012, 7e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 7e-05, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.0057, 0.0, 0.0, 3e-05, 0.0001, 0.00012, 0.0, 0.00014, 0.00014, 0.0, 0.00012, 0.00019, 0.00049, 0.00019, 0.00017, 0.0, 0.00021, 4e-05, 5e-05, 0.00013, 0.00018, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00523, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00013, 1e-05, 0.00014, 0.0, 0.00028, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00014, 0.00019, 3e-05, 0.00057, 0.0002, 0.00052, 0.00144, 0.0, 0.0, 5e-05, 0.00099, 0.00028, 1e-05, 2e-05, 0.00158, 0.0, 0.00018, 0.0, 0.00018, 5e-05, 6e-05, 1e-05, 3e-05, 0.0, 3e-05, 0.00014, 0.00034, 0.0, 0.0, 0.00019, 0.00023, 0.0, 3e-05, 0.0, 0.0, 1e-05, 6e-05, 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   LayerError(circuit=<qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit.QuantumCircuit object at 0x1681dd610>, qubits=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155], error=PauliLindbladError(generators=['IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
    'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...',
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 'version': 2}

Objekt PubResult obsahuje také doplňková metadata o odolnosti, která popisují naučené modely šumu použité při zmírňování.

# Print learned layer noise metadata
for field, value in pub_result.metadata["resilience"]["layer_noise"].items():
    print(f"{field}: {value}")

noise_overhead: Infinity
total_mitigated_layers: 18
unique_mitigated_layers: 3
unique_mitigated_layers_noise_overhead: [1.4100369479435003e+44, 3.407263868699073e+112, 3.500660129782563e+37]

# Exact data computed using the methods described in the original reference
# Y. Kim et al. "Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance" (Nature 618, 500–505 (2023))
# Directly used here for brevity
exact_data = np.array(
    [
        1,
        0.9899,
        0.9531,
        0.8809,
        0.7536,
        0.5677,
        0.3545,
        0.1607,
        0.0539,
        0.0103,
        0.0012,
        0.0,
    ]
)

Vykreslení výsledků Trotterovy simulace

Následující kód vytváří graf pro porovnání surových a zmírněných výsledků experimentu s přesným řešením.

"""Result visualization functions"""

def plot_trotter_results(
    pub_result: PubResult,
    angles: Sequence[float],
    plot_noise_factors: Sequence[float] | None = None,
    plot_extrapolator: Sequence[str] | None = None,
    exact: np.ndarray = None,
    close: bool = True,
):
    """Plot average magnetization from ZNE result data.
    Args:
        pub_result: The Estimator PubResult for the PEA experiment.
        angles: The Rx angle values for the experiment.
        plot_raw: If provided plot the unextrapolated data for the noise factors.
        plot_extrapolator: If provided plot all extrapolators, if False only plot
            the Automatic method.
        exact: Optional, the exact values to include in the plot. Should be a 1D
            array-like where the values represent exact magnetization.
        close: Close the Matplotlib figure before returning.
    Returns:
        The figure.
    """
    data = pub_result.data

    evs = data.evs
    num_qubits = evs.shape[0]
    num_params = evs.shape[1]
    angles = np.asarray(angles).ravel()
    if angles.shape != (num_params,):
        raise ValueError(
            f"Incorrect number of angles for input data {angles.size} != {num_params}"
        )

    # Take average magnetization of qubits and its standard error
    x_vals = angles / np.pi
    y_vals = np.mean(evs, axis=0)
    y_errs = np.std(evs, axis=0) / np.sqrt(num_qubits)

    fig, _ = plt.subplots(1, 1)

    # Plot auto method
    plt.errorbar(x_vals, y_vals, y_errs, fmt="o-", label="ZNE (automatic)")

    # Plot individual extrapolator results
    if plot_extrapolator:
        y_vals_extrap = np.mean(data.evs_extrapolated, axis=0)
        y_errs_extrap = np.std(data.evs_extrapolated, axis=0) / np.sqrt(
            num_qubits
        )
        for i, extrap in enumerate(plot_extrapolator):
            plt.errorbar(
                x_vals,
                y_vals_extrap[:, i, 0],
                y_errs_extrap[:, i, 0],
                fmt="s-.",
                alpha=0.5,
                label=f"ZNE ({extrap})",
            )

    # Plot raw results
    if plot_noise_factors:
        y_vals_raw = np.mean(data.evs_noise_factors, axis=0)
        y_errs_raw = np.std(data.evs_noise_factors, axis=0) / np.sqrt(
            num_qubits
        )
        for i, nf in enumerate(plot_noise_factors):
            plt.errorbar(
                x_vals,
                y_vals_raw[:, i],
                y_errs_raw[:, i],
                fmt="d:",
                alpha=0.5,
                label=f"Raw (nf={nf:.1f})",
            )

    # Plot exact data
    if exact is not None:
        plt.plot(x_vals, exact, "--", color="black", alpha=0.5, label="Exact")

    plt.ylim(-0.1, 1.2)
    plt.xlabel("θ/π")
    plt.ylabel(r"$\overline{\langle Z \rangle}$")
    plt.legend()
    plt.title(
        f"Error Mitigated Average Magnetization for Rx(θ) [{num_qubits}-qubit]"
    )
    if close:
        plt.close(fig)
    return fig

zne_metadata = primitive_result.metadata["resilience"]["zne"]
# Plot Trotter simulation results
fig = plot_trotter_results(
    pub_result,
    parameter_values,
    plot_extrapolator=zne_metadata["extrapolator"],
    plot_noise_factors=zne_metadata["noise_factors"],
    exact=exact_data,
)
display(fig)

Zatímco hlučné hodnoty (faktor šumu nf=1.0) vykazují velkou odchylku od přesných hodnot, zmírněné hodnoty jsou přesným hodnotám blízko, což demonstruje užitečnost zmírňovací techniky založené na PEA.

Vykreslení výsledků extrapolace pro jednotlivé qubity

Nakonec následující kód vytváří graf zobrazující extrapolační křivky pro různé hodnoty theta na konkrétním qubitu.

def plot_qubit_zne_data(
    pub_result: PubResult,
    angles: Sequence[float],
    qubit: int,
    noise_factors: Sequence[float],
    extrapolator: Sequence[str] | None = None,
    extrapolated_noise_factors: Sequence[float] | None = None,
    num_cols: int | None = None,
    close: bool = True,
):
    """Plot ZNE extrapolation data for specific virtual qubit
    Args:
        pub_result: The Estimator PubResult for the PEA experiment.
        angles: The Rx theta angles used for the experiment.
        qubit: The virtual qubit index to plot.
        noise_factors: the raw noise factors.
        extrapolator: The extrapolator metadata for multiple extrapolators.
        extrapolated_noise_factors: The noise factors used for extrapolation.
        num_cols: The number of columns for the generated subplots.
        close: Close the Matplotlib figure before returning.
    Returns:
        The Matplotlib figure.
    """
    data = pub_result.data

    evs_auto = data.evs[qubit]
    stds_auto = data.stds[qubit]
    evs_extrap = data.evs_extrapolated[qubit]
    stds_extrap = data.stds_extrapolated[qubit]
    evs_raw = data.evs_noise_factors[qubit]
    stds_raw = data.stds_noise_factors[qubit]

    num_params = evs_auto.shape[0]
    angles = np.asarray(angles).ravel()
    if angles.shape != (num_params,):
        raise ValueError(
            f"Incorrect number of angles for input data {angles.size} != {num_params}"
        )

    # Make a square subplot
    num_cols = num_cols or int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(num_params)))
    num_rows = int(np.ceil(num_params / num_cols))
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(
        num_rows, num_cols, sharex=True, sharey=True, figsize=(12, 5)
    )
    fig.suptitle(f"ZNE data for virtual qubit {qubit}")

    for pidx, ax in zip(range(num_params), axes.flat):
        # Plot auto extrapolated
        ax.errorbar(
            0,
            evs_auto[pidx],
            stds_auto[pidx],
            fmt="o",
            label="PEA (automatic)",
        )

        # Plot extrapolators
        if (
            extrapolator is not None
            and extrapolated_noise_factors is not None
        ):
            for i, method in enumerate(extrapolator):
                ax.errorbar(
                    extrapolated_noise_factors,
                    evs_extrap[pidx, i],
                    stds_extrap[pidx, i],
                    fmt="-",
                    alpha=0.5,
                    label=f"PEA ({method})",
                )

        # Plot raw
        ax.errorbar(
            noise_factors, evs_raw[pidx], stds_raw[pidx], fmt="d", label="Raw"
        )

        ax.set_yticks([0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2])
        ax.set_ylim(0, max(1, 1.1 * max(evs_auto)))

        ax.set_xticks([0, *noise_factors])
        ax.set_title(f"θ/π = {angles[pidx]/np.pi:.2f}")
        if pidx == 0:
            ax.set_ylabel(r"$\langle Z_{" + str(qubit) + r"} \rangle$")
        if pidx == num_params - 1:
            ax.set_xlabel("Noise Factor")
            ax.legend()
    if close:
        plt.close(fig)
    return fig

virtual_qubit = 1
plot_qubit_zne_data(
    pub_result=pub_result,
    angles=parameter_values,
    qubit=virtual_qubit,
    noise_factors=zne_metadata["noise_factors"],
    extrapolator=zne_metadata["extrapolator"],
    extrapolated_noise_factors=zne_metadata["extrapolated_noise_factors"],
)

Průzkum k tutoriálu

Prosím, vyplň tento krátký průzkum a poskytni nám zpětnou vazbu k tomuto tutoriálu. Tvoje postřehy nám pomohou zlepšit obsah a uživatelský zážitek.

Odkaz na průzkum

Note: This survey is provided by IBM Quantum and relates to the original English content. To give feedback on doQumentation's website, translations, or code execution, please open a GitHub issue.